6つに分類される木造住宅の構法
◾️木造住宅の構法について
大きく６つに分類される。
- 伝統工法
古くからある作り方。社寺仏閣タイプと住宅タイプに大別。前者は木と木の接合に金物を使用せず、太い柱や梁、貫、厚い土壁や板壁などで構成する。後者は居住性や経済性に配慮して、前者に比べ柱、梁などの部材が細くなっているのが特徴。 - 在来軸組構法
柱と梁を組んだあとで壁や床を取り付けていく構法で、住宅に最も多く採用されている。部材の断面寸法は伝統構法の住宅タイプよりもさらに小さくなる。木と木の接合方法も簡略化され、金物が併用される。この構法には、壁や床をパネル化した合理化工法などもあり、多様化している。 - 枠組壁構法
在来軸組構法のような柱を持たない。その代わり、枠材に構造用合板などを釘留めしたパネルで躯体を構成する。2×4（ツーバイフォー）工法とも呼ばれ、在来軸構法に比べると、法的な規制が強いのが特徴。 - パネル構法
施工性などを考慮して、あらかじめパネル化した構造材を用いる構法。柱・梁をベースに、パネル化した床や壁を取り付けていく在来軸組構法に近いものから、柱・梁を持たずに全ての部材をパネル化したものまで多種多様。
- 集成材構法
大空間かを構成する為に採用されることが多い構法。梁間方向は大きな断面の柱と梁材に夜ラーメン架構とし、桁行方向は、耐力壁で水平力に抵抗する構造が一般的。 - 丸太組構法
丸太を、木または鋼性のダボで繋いで井桁のように積み重ね、壁面を構成する構法。鉛直荷重にも水平荷重にも抵抗できる。ログハウス、校倉とも呼ばれる。
-英訳-
◾️The Construction Method of Wooden Homes
There are six categories.
◇traditional method of construction
This is a traditional way of making. There are two main types of construction: the shrine/temple/buddhist temple type and the residential type. In the former type, no hardware is used to join wood to wood, and it is composed of thick pillars, beams, perforations, and thick earthen walls and sheetrock. The latter is characterized by thinner columns, beams and other members than the former for the sake of livability and economy.
◇Conventional Shaft-Making Structure
This construction method, in which the walls and floors are attached after the pillars and beams have been assembled, is most commonly used in houses. The cross-sectional dimensions of the members are even smaller than those of the traditional construction method for houses. Wood-to-wood joints are simplified and metal fittings are used. This construction method is also diversified with the rationalization method of using panels for walls and floors.
◇Frame wall construction method
Unlike the conventional axial construction method, this method does not have columns. Instead, the frame is composed of panels made of structural plywood or other materials nailed to the frame material.
◇Panel construction method
A construction method that uses pre-paneled structural members for ease of construction. There is a wide variety of construction methods, ranging from the conventional axial construction method, in which panelized floors and walls are attached to a pillar and beam base, to the construction method in which all members are panels without pillars and beams.
◇Laminated wood construction method
This construction method is often used to construct a large space. The beam-to-beam structure consists of columns and beams with large cross-sectional beams and a night-frame structure, and a load-bearing wall to resist horizontal forces in the direction of the girders is common.
◇Log construction method
Logs are connected with wooden or steel dowels and stacked like well girders to form a wall. It can resist both vertical and horizontal loads. It is also called a log house or a schoolhouse.
